What is a beam in structural engineering?

In structural engineering, a beam is specifically defined as a horizontal structural element designed to support loads. Beams bear the weight of the structures above them and are integral in transferring loads from the roof, floors, or other structural elements down to vertical supports, such as columns or walls. They can take various shapes and materials, such as wood, steel, or concrete, and are crucial for maintaining the stability of structures.

The focus on horizontal orientation is key, as beams essentially bridge spans and carry loads horizontally, while other elements like columns serve a different purpose—acting as vertical supports. Understanding this distinction is vital in structural design, as each component plays a specific role in ensuring safety and structural integrity.